Mobile phone users may be at increased risk from brain cancer and should use texting and hands-free devices to reduce exposure, the World Health Organisation's cancer experts say.
Radio-frequency electromagnetic fields generated by such devices are "possibly carcinogenic to humans," the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) announced on Tuesday at the end of an eight-day meeting in Lyon, France.
Experts "reached this classification based on review of the human evidence coming from epidemiological studies" pointing to an increased incidence of glioma, a malignant type of brain cancer, said Jonathan Samet, president of the work group.
Two studies in particular, the largest conducted over the past decade, showed a higher risk "in those that had the most intensive use of such phones," he told reporters.
Some individuals tracked in the studies had used their phones for an average of 30 minutes per day over a period of 10 years.
"We simply don't know what might happen as people use their phones over longer time periods, possibly over a lifetime," Samet said.
The IARC ranks potentially cancer-causing elements as carcinogenic, probably carcinogenic, possibly carcinogenic or "probably not carcinogenic".
It can also determine that a material is "not classifiable".
Cigarettes, sunbeds and asbestos, for example, fall in "Group 1", the top threat category.
Mobile phones now join glass wool and petrol exhaust in Group 2B as "possibly carcinogenic".
Industry groups, however, played down the findings.
Global industry group CTIA-The Wireless Association said the UN agency "conducts numerous reviews and in the past has given the same score to, for example, pickled vegetables and coffee".
It said that "limited evidence from statistical studies can be found even though bias and other data flaws may be the basis for the results."
The IARC cautioned that current scientific evidence showed only a possible link, not a proven one, between wireless devices and cancers.
"There is some evidence of increased risk of glioma" and another form of non-malignant tumour called acoustic neuroma, said Kurt Straif, the scientist in charge of editing the IARC reports on potentially carcinogenic agents.
"But it is not at the moment clearly established that the use of mobile phones does in fact cause cancer in humans," he said.
There are about five billion mobile phones registered in the world. The number of phones and the average time spent using them have both climbed steadily in recent years.
The IARC does not issue formal recommendations, but experts pointed to a number of ways consumers can reduce risk.
"What probably entails some of the highest exposure is using your mobile for voice calls," Straif said.
"If you use it for texting, or as a hands-free set for voice calls, this is clearly lowering the exposure by at least an order of magnitude," or by tenfold, he said.
A year ago the IARC concluded that there was no link between mobile phones and brain cancer but that earlier report was criticised as based on out-of-date data.
The new review, conducted by a panel of 31 scientists from 14 countries, was reached on the basis of a "full consensus," said Robert Baan, in charge of the written report, which is yet to be released.
"This is the first scientific evaluation of all the literature published on the topic with regard to increased risk of cancer," he said.
But the panel stressed the need for more research, pointing to incomplete data, evolving technology and changing consumer habits.
"There's an improvement in the technology in terms of lower emissions but at the same time we see increased use, so it is hard to know how the two balance out," Baan noted.
The Australian Mobile Telecommunications Association welcomed the IARC findings but said the report needed greater clarity, as it did not outline the risk or likelihood of actually developing brain cancer.
Associate Professor Rodney Croft from the Australian Centre for Radiofrequency Bioeffects Research thinks further research will prove there's no need for alarm.
"There are clearly a lot of things that we normally consume in our daily lives that IARC has said, we really don't have enough evidence to be sure (if it causes cancer), but there is a possibility," Croft said.
When asked if he thought mobile phones caused cancer, he said: "No, I don't.
"I really think there's been a lot of research out there, certainly in terms of the short-term exposure, (that suggests) there isn't a problem.
"The only thing that really remains is whether long-term exposure might be a problem because we haven't had the chance to look at people over an extended period."
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